One of the questions most frequently asked by couples beginning treatment is whether genetic testing can be performed on embryos. may particularly be considered for couples with advanced maternal age, recurrent miscarriage, carrier status for a hereditary...
One of the questions most frequently asked by couples beginning IVF treatment is whether genetic testing can be performed on embryos. PGT may particularly be considered for couples with advanced maternal age, recurrent miscarriage, carrier status for a hereditary disease, or multiple failed IVF attempts.
PGT is a method that enables embryos obtained through IVF treatment to be evaluated for certain genetic or chromosomal characteristics before they are transferred to the uterus.
However, PGT is not a standard test that should be applied to every IVF patient. The type and necessity of the test should be determined according to the couple’s genetic history, the woman’s age, the number of embryos, and any history of recurrent miscarriage or treatment failure.
The purpose of PGT is not to create a new and healthy embryo, but to help identify embryos among those already available that are considered suitable within the scope of the test. This distinction is important for establishing realistic expectations from treatment.
Brief Answer
PGT, or Preimplantation Genetic Testing, is the examination of embryos obtained through IVF treatment for certain genetic or chromosomal characteristics before transfer.
PGT may be used to:
- Evaluate the number of chromosomes in embryos.
- Investigate known single-gene disorders.
- Assess how structural chromosomal changes in the mother or father may affect the embryo.
- Help identify an embryo considered suitable for transfer within the scope of the test.
PGT does not guarantee pregnancy, does not identify every genetic disease, and is not necessary for every couple.
Key Information
- PGT can only be performed as part of IVF treatment.
- The test is carried out before embryo transfer.
- PGT is not a single test, but a group of methods used for different purposes.
- PGT-A evaluates chromosome number, PGT-M evaluates single-gene disorders, and PGT-SR evaluates structural chromosomal abnormalities.
- Embryo biopsy is usually performed at the blastocyst stage.
- Embryos are generally frozen while the test result is awaited.
- PGT does not create a new and healthy embryo; it helps classify existing embryos.
- Not every embryo with a normal result will result in pregnancy.
- Routine PGT is not necessary for every young and low-risk couple.
- Prenatal screening and diagnostic testing, when indicated, continue after pregnancy is achieved.
What Is PGT?
PGT is the abbreviation for Preimplantation Genetic Testing. It is also referred to as embryo genetic testing.
This method is based on obtaining a small number of cells from embryos developed in the laboratory during IVF treatment and subjecting them to genetic analysis.
According to the type of PGT performed, the embryos are evaluated within the scope of the test. Transfer of the embryo or embryos considered suitable may then be planned for a later period.
PGT cannot be performed independently of IVF treatment. The eggs must first be retrieved, fertilized with sperm, and allowed to develop into embryos in the laboratory before testing can take place.
Are PGT and Genetic Screening the Same Thing?
The term “genetic screening” is commonly used for PGT. However, not all types of PGT serve the same purpose.
- PGT-A evaluates the number of chromosomes in embryos.
- PGT-M investigates a known single-gene disorder within the family.
- PGT-SR examines how structural chromosomal changes in the mother or father may affect the embryo.
Therefore, the statement “The embryo underwent genetic testing” is not sufficient on its own. It is necessary to know which PGT method was performed and for which disease or chromosomal condition.
How Is PGT Performed?
PGT is carried out as part of IVF treatment in several stages.
1. Ovarian Stimulation
The ovaries of the prospective mother are stimulated in a controlled manner with medication to develop multiple eggs during the same treatment cycle.
Ultrasound examinations and hormone tests, when necessary, are performed during treatment.
2. Egg Retrieval
Eggs from follicles that have reached an adequate size are retrieved under short-term anesthesia with the guidance of vaginal ultrasound.
Not every follicle may contain an egg. Likewise, not every retrieved egg may be mature or suitable for fertilization.
3. Fertilization
Mature eggs are fertilized with sperm in the laboratory. Intracytoplasmic sperm injection is commonly used in treatments involving PGT.
In this method, a selected sperm cell is injected directly into the egg.
4. Embryo Development
The fertilized eggs are monitored in the laboratory. PGT biopsy is generally performed when the embryos reach the blastocyst stage on day 5, 6, or, in some cases, day 7.
Not every embryo reaches the blastocyst stage. Therefore, the number of eggs retrieved and the number of embryos available for testing are not the same.
5. Embryo Biopsy
Several cells are removed from the outer cell layer of the blastocyst that will later form the placenta.
The biopsy is performed while avoiding the inner cell mass that will form the baby as much as possible. The procedure requires an experienced embryology team and appropriate laboratory infrastructure.
6. Embryo Freezing
Because genetic analysis results are not available on the same day, biopsied embryos are generally frozen using the vitrification method.
Once the genetic results are complete, an embryo considered suitable for transfer is identified.
7. Genetic Analysis
The cells obtained from the embryo are examined in a genetics laboratory. The method used varies according to the problem being investigated.
Next-generation sequencing technologies are frequently used in PGT-A. PGT-M and PGT-SR may require analysis specifically designed for the family and the genetic change involved.
8. Frozen Embryo Transfer
After the uterine lining has been prepared appropriately, the embryo considered suitable for transfer within the scope of the test is thawed and placed in the uterus.
Performing PGT does not mean that the pregnancy test will definitely be positive after embryo transfer.
What Are the Types of PGT?
PGT is not a single test. The purpose of the procedure and the genetic condition being examined may vary.
What Is PGT-A?
PGT-A is the evaluation of the number of chromosomes in embryos.
Human cells normally contain 46 chromosomes. If an embryo has a missing or additional chromosome, it may fail to implant, result in miscarriage, or lead to certain chromosomal conditions.
According to PGT-A results, embryos may generally be classified as:
- Euploid
- Aneuploid
- Mosaic
- Inconclusive
A euploid embryo is one in which the expected number of chromosomes is found in the tested cells.
An aneuploid embryo is one in which a missing or additional chromosome is detected.
PGT-A may particularly be considered in cases involving advanced maternal age or an increased risk of chromosomal abnormalities in embryos. However, it does not need to be performed automatically in every patient of advanced maternal age.
What Is PGT-M?
PGT-M is used to investigate a known single-gene disorder in the embryo.
It may be considered for conditions such as:
- Thalassemia
- Cystic fibrosis
- Spinal muscular atrophy
- Sickle cell disease
- Duchenne muscular dystrophy
- Certain hereditary metabolic diseases
- Certain familial cancer predisposition syndromes
PGT-M is not a standard panel test. The genetic alteration within the family must first be identified, and preparation is generally performed specifically for the couple.
This process may require:
- Blood samples from the mother and father
- Genetic reports
- Samples from family members when necessary
- Laboratory preparation specific to the disease
Medical genetic counseling is important before PGT-M is performed.
What Is PGT-SR?
PGT-SR is performed for couples in whom one partner carries a structural chromosomal rearrangement.
It may be considered in cases involving:
- Balanced translocation
- Robertsonian translocation
- Inversion
- Certain other structural chromosomal changes
A person carrying a balanced chromosomal rearrangement may be healthy. However, the embryos they produce may have an unbalanced chromosomal structure.
This may cause:
- Failure to achieve pregnancy
- Recurrent miscarriage
- An affected pregnancy
PGT-SR may help identify chromosomally unbalanced embryos in these couples.
The Difference Between PGT-A, PGT-M, and PGT-SR
The test required for a couple is determined according to the family history and the results of genetic examinations.
What Is NGS Technology?
NGS, or next-generation sequencing, is a laboratory technology that enables multiple regions of genetic material to be analyzed simultaneously.
It may be used in PGT-A to evaluate chromosomal material in cells obtained from the embryo.
NGS:
- Does not make the embryo healthier.
- Does not create a new genetic structure.
- Only enables genetic analysis of the collected cell sample.
The accuracy of the result depends on the quality of the biopsy, the number of cells, the laboratory method, and the biological structure of the embryo.
Who May Be Recommended PGT?
PGT is not recommended for every IVF patient.
Couples Who Carry a Known Single-Gene Disorder
PGT-M may be considered if the mother or father carries a known genetic disease that may be passed on to the baby.
In these patients, the purpose of the test is not to increase the IVF success rate, but to identify embryos that do not carry or are not affected by the specific disease.
Couples Who Carry a Structural Chromosomal Abnormality
PGT-SR may be considered if the mother or father carries a balanced translocation or another structural chromosomal change.
Advanced Maternal Age
As maternal age advances, the likelihood of chromosomal number abnormalities in embryos may increase.
PGT-A may contribute to transfer planning in selected patients of advanced maternal age when a sufficient number of blastocysts is available. However, age alone does not make PGT mandatory for everyone.
Recurrent Miscarriages
Some recurrent miscarriages may be associated with chromosomal abnormalities in the embryo.
However, miscarriages may also have different causes, including:
- Uterine structure
- Antiphospholipid syndrome
- Hormonal problems
- Genetic carrier status
- Age
- Unexplained causes
PGT-A is not a solution for every patient with recurrent miscarriage. The possible causes of miscarriage should first be systematically investigated.
Repeated IVF Failure
PGT-A may be considered in some patients when pregnancy has not occurred despite the transfer of multiple well-developed embryos.
However, embryo chromosomes are not the only possible cause of failure. The intrauterine environment, transfer technique, embryo development, sperm-related factors, and age should also be assessed.
A Previous Pregnancy Affected by a Chromosomal Abnormality
PGT may be considered in couples with a previous pregnancy affected by a chromosomal abnormality, depending on age and genetic evaluation.
A Serious Hereditary Disease in the Family
If there is a known hereditary disease in the family, the genetic alteration responsible for the disease should first be identified. It should then be assessed whether PGT-M is technically feasible.
Who Is Not Routinely Recommended PGT?
PGT should not automatically be considered necessary in the following situations:
- Young and low-risk couples
- Couples who do not carry a known genetic disease
- The first IVF attempt
- Every patient who only wishes to “select the best embryo”
- Patients with very few embryos for whom the expected benefit of testing is limited
- Couples who believe PGT will prevent every miscarriage
The cost of PGT, embryo biopsy, the freezing process, and the limitations of the test should be evaluated together.
Does PGT Increase the Chance of IVF Success?
The effect of PGT on success varies according to the patient group.
The primary purpose of PGT-A is to help select an embryo with the appropriate number of chromosomes. The test does not create a new healthy embryo and does not transform an aneuploid embryo into a euploid one.
In some patients, PGT-A may:
- Increase the chance of pregnancy per transfer.
- Reduce the risk of miscarriage caused by chromosomal abnormalities.
- Reduce the number of transfers that are unlikely to result in pregnancy.
- Shorten the number of transfers required to achieve pregnancy.
However, it cannot be said to increase the overall chance of live birth per egg-retrieval cycle in every patient group. The additional benefit of the test may be limited, particularly in young couples with only a small number of embryos.
Therefore, the following distinction should be made when evaluating success:
- Success per transfer
- Overall success per egg-retrieval cycle
- Cumulative chance of live birth
PGT may make embryo selection easier in some patients, but it does not increase the total number of healthy embryos obtained.
Does PGT Reduce the Risk of Miscarriage?
Transfer of an embryo assessed as chromosomally normal may reduce the risk of miscarriage caused by chromosome number abnormalities.
However, the risk of miscarriage does not disappear completely.
Other possible causes of miscarriage include:
- Genetic problems in the embryo that are outside the scope of the test
- Intrauterine problems
- Selected conditions associated with blood clotting or the immune system
- Infections
- Hormonal problems
- Placental development
- Unexplained causes
Routine pregnancy monitoring should continue in pregnancies achieved after PGT.
Does PGT Identify Every Genetic Disease?
No.
PGT only evaluates the genetic condition included within the scope of the test being performed.
For example:
- PGT-A does not identify every single-gene disorder.
- PGT-M is prepared only for the disease or genetic alteration identified in advance.
- PGT-SR does not exclude every chromosomal or genetic disease.
- Autism, developmental disorders, or every congenital anomaly cannot be identified through PGT.
- Problems that develop later during pregnancy cannot be predicted through PGT.
Therefore, the statement “The PGT result is normal, so the baby will not have any disease” is not correct.
Is Genetic Testing Necessary During Pregnancy After PGT?
Yes. PGT does not completely replace screening or diagnostic testing during pregnancy.
After pregnancy is achieved, the following options may be considered according to the patient’s age, the type of PGT performed, and the characteristics of the pregnancy:
- First-trimester screening
- Cell-free fetal DNA testing
- Detailed ultrasound
- Chorionic villus sampling
- Amniocentesis
Confirmatory prenatal diagnostic options may particularly be discussed after pregnancies involving PGT-M or PGT-SR.
What Is Embryo Mosaicism?
A mosaic embryo is an embryo in which both normal and chromosomally different cells are detected in the biopsied cell sample.
This result is complex for several reasons:
- The biopsy represents only a small group of cells from the embryo.
- The result from the outer cell layer may not be completely identical to the inner cell mass that will form the baby.
- The degree of mosaicism and the chromosomes involved may vary.
- Not every mosaic embryo has the same pregnancy potential.
Mosaic embryo transfer may be considered in certain special circumstances when no euploid embryo is available and after detailed genetic counseling.
The following factors should be evaluated together when making this decision:
- The degree of mosaicism
- The affected chromosome
- The developmental quality of the embryo
- Whether the couple has other embryos
- The prenatal diagnostic plan
What Does an “Inconclusive Result” Mean in PGT?
In some embryos, sufficient genetic data may not be obtained from the cell sample collected.
Possible reasons include:
- An insufficient number of cells
- A low amount of DNA
- A technical analysis problem
- A biopsy sample unsuitable for assessment
Re-biopsy may be considered for some embryos. However, the possible effects of repeated thawing, biopsy, and freezing on the embryo should be discussed with the couple.
Is PGT Safe?
PGT is generally considered safe when performed in experienced embryology and genetics laboratories.
However, it is not a zero-risk procedure.
Possible limitations include:
- The possibility that embryo development may be affected after biopsy
- Loss of embryo viability after freezing or thawing
- The possibility of false-positive or false-negative results
- The biopsy result not fully representing the entire embryo because of mosaicism
- Failure to obtain a blastocyst suitable for testing
- Failure to obtain a result
The experience and quality standards of the laboratory are important throughout this process.
What Are the Advantages of PGT?
In the appropriate patient group, PGT may provide the following benefits:
- Identification of an embryo considered suitable within the scope of the test
- Reduction of the risk of transmitting a known hereditary disease
- Assistance with embryo selection in couples carrying a structural chromosomal abnormality
- Reduction of miscarriage risk caused by chromosomal abnormalities in certain patient groups
- More accurate prioritization of embryos for transfer
- Reduction of repeated transfers involving unsuitable embryos
- Shortening the time required to achieve pregnancy in some patients
These benefits are not the same for every patient.
What Are the Limitations of PGT?
The limitations of PGT should be discussed clearly before treatment.
- Not every embryo reaches the blastocyst stage.
- Not every blastocyst may be suitable for biopsy.
- A result may not be obtained from every biopsied embryo.
- The test does not identify every genetic disease.
- Not every embryo assessed as healthy will result in pregnancy.
- Not every pregnancy will result in a live birth.
- Mosaic results may complicate the decision-making process.
- PGT does not improve egg or embryo quality.
- No suitable embryo may be identified.
- Embryos must be frozen and later thawed.
- Prenatal testing may still be required during pregnancy.
Does a Normal PGT Result Guarantee Pregnancy?
No.
An embryo found to be euploid through PGT-A or unaffected according to PGT-M may support the chance of pregnancy. However, the genetic result alone is not sufficient for pregnancy.
Other factors affecting success include:
- Embryo development quality
- The intrauterine environment
- Endometrial preparation
- Transfer technique
- Intrauterine polyps, fibroids, or adhesions
- The general health of the prospective mother
- Laboratory conditions
- Embryo viability after thawing
Therefore, pregnancy cannot be guaranteed even with an embryo that has a favorable PGT result.
What Happens If No Suitable Embryo Is Found After PGT?
In some couples, none of the tested embryos may receive a result considered suitable for transfer.
This may particularly occur in patients with:
- Advanced maternal age
- A small number of embryos
- A known genetic disease
- Structural chromosomal carrier status
- Diminished ovarian reserve
The next options may vary according to the patient:
- A new IVF cycle
- Embryo accumulation
- A different treatment protocol
- Renewed genetic counseling
- Reassessment of the existing results
At this point, it should again be remembered that PGT does not create healthy embryos; it only evaluates the embryos that are already available.
How Long Does the PGT Process Take?
The duration of PGT varies according to the type of test being performed.
The PGT-A process generally consists of:
- Ovarian stimulation
- Egg retrieval
- Embryo development
- Biopsy
- Embryo freezing
- Genetic analysis
- Preparation for transfer
For PGT-M and PGT-SR, personalized genetic preparation may be required before treatment begins. This preparation may take longer than PGT-A.
Embryo transfer is generally not performed during the biopsy cycle, but in a suitable later cycle after the genetic results have been completed.
Can Sex Be Determined Through PGT?
Technical information about the sex chromosomes may be obtained during PGT.
However, sex selection cannot be performed in Türkiye without a medical indication. Medical circumstances such as the risk of a serious sex-linked genetic disease are evaluated separately.
The purpose of PGT is not to select sex according to personal preference, but to assess specific genetic or chromosomal risks.
What Approach Does Assoc. Prof. Dr. Nurettin Türktekin Follow in This Situation?
When deciding whether to perform PGT, the decision is not based solely on the prospective mother’s age or the number of previous failed transfers.
In Assoc. Prof. Dr. Nurettin Türktekin’s clinical approach, the following questions are evaluated together:
- How old is the woman?
- What is her ovarian reserve?
- How many eggs and blastocysts were obtained in previous treatments?
- How many embryos were previously transferred?
- What was the developmental quality of the embryos?
- Is there a history of recurrent miscarriage?
- Was genetic analysis performed on the miscarriage tissue?
- Does the mother or father have a genetic disease or chromosomal carrier status?
- Is there a family history of a hereditary disease?
- Is the couple likely to obtain a sufficient number of embryos?
- Will the test result genuinely change the treatment decision?
- Does the couple correctly understand the cost and limitations of PGT?
For example, PGT-M is based on a strong medical indication in a couple carrying a known single-gene disorder.
In an older patient with multiple blastocysts, PGT-A may contribute to determining the order of transfer.
In a young patient with diminished ovarian reserve and only one embryo, however, the benefit of testing the embryo may be more limited.
Before considering PGT in cases of recurrent failure, the intrauterine environment, transfer technique, embryo development, and sperm-related factors should also be evaluated.
The aim is not to test every embryo, but to identify the appropriate patient in whom the test result will change the treatment decision.
How Is the Decision to Perform PGT Made After Repeated Failures?
When pregnancy has not occurred despite multiple embryo transfers, the cause of failure may not be limited to chromosomal abnormalities.
The following factors are reviewed during the evaluation:
- The woman’s age
- The developmental day of the transferred embryos
- Embryo quality
- Intrauterine polyps or fibroids
- The need for hysteroscopy
- Suspicion of chronic endometritis
- Transfer technique
- Sperm DNA damage
- Genetic carrier status
- Previous laboratory results
PGT-A may be considered in selected patients who have a sufficient number of embryos and a high likelihood of chromosomal causes. However, it is not the solution to every treatment failure.
How Is the Decision to Perform PGT Made in Recurrent Miscarriage?
In couples experiencing recurrent miscarriage, the possible causes of miscarriage should first be investigated.
The evaluation may include:
- Chromosome analysis of the mother and father
- Uterine structure
- Antiphospholipid syndrome
- Thyroid and metabolic status
- Genetic analysis of miscarriage tissue
- The woman’s age
- The gestational weeks of previous miscarriages
PGT-SR may be considered if the mother or father carries a structural chromosomal change.
PGT-A may be considered in selected patients if the miscarriages are believed to be associated with chromosome number abnormalities in the embryos.
It is not appropriate to proceed directly to PGT in every patient with miscarriage.
When Should You Consult an IVF and Genetics Specialist?
Evaluation for PGT may be considered in the following situations:
- There is a known hereditary disease in the family.
- The mother or father carries a genetic disease.
- A balanced translocation or structural chromosomal change is present.
- Recurrent miscarriage has occurred.
- A chromosomal abnormality was detected in a previous pregnancy.
- Advanced maternal age is present.
- Pregnancy has not occurred despite the transfer of multiple high-quality embryos.
- PGT was previously performed, but the results were not explained.
- A mosaic embryo result has been obtained.
- No suitable result was found among the tested embryos.
When a genetic disease is suspected, joint evaluation by a reproductive medicine specialist and a medical geneticist is important.
Common Misconceptions About PGT
“PGT should be performed for every IVF patient.”
Incorrect. The test provides meaningful benefit only in an appropriate patient group.
“If PGT is performed, pregnancy is guaranteed.”
Incorrect. Even a genetically suitable embryo may fail to implant.
“PGT identifies every genetic disease.”
Incorrect. The test only evaluates conditions within the scope of the method being used.
“PGT genetically corrects the embryo.”
Incorrect. PGT does not alter the embryo; it analyzes its existing genetic structure.
“PGT increases the number of healthy embryos.”
Incorrect. PGT classifies existing embryos; it does not create new healthy embryos.
“Embryo biopsy definitely causes harm.”
It cannot be said that biopsy definitely causes harm. However, biopsy, freezing, and thawing are not completely risk-free processes.
“No other tests are necessary during pregnancy after PGT.”
Incorrect. Pregnancy monitoring and necessary prenatal testing continue.
“A mosaic embryo can never be used.”
Not every mosaic embryo is the same. The decision to transfer may be made after detailed genetic counseling.
“A normal PGT result guarantees a healthy child.”
Incorrect. Genetic and structural conditions outside the scope of the test may still occur.
Assoc. Prof. Dr. Nurettin Türktekin’s Assessment
PGT is an advanced genetic assessment method that may provide valuable information in the appropriate patient group during IVF treatment. However, it is not appropriate to perform it routinely for every couple.
When deciding whether to perform PGT, the woman’s age, ovarian reserve, the number of embryos expected to be obtained, any history of recurrent miscarriage or failed transfer, and hereditary diseases within the family should be evaluated together.
PGT-M and PGT-SR may represent a clearer medical indication in couples with a known single-gene disorder or structural chromosomal carrier status. PGT-A may contribute to transfer planning, particularly in cases involving advanced maternal age or recurrent treatment failure, when a sufficient number of blastocysts is available.
The purpose of the test is not to create a healthy embryo, but to identify embryos among those already available that are considered suitable within the scope of the test. Therefore, couples should not be given a guarantee of pregnancy, and mosaic results and the limitations of the test should be explained in detail.
Conclusion
PGT is an advanced method used during IVF treatment to evaluate embryos for certain genetic or chromosomal characteristics before transfer.
PGT-A is used to assess chromosome number, PGT-M to investigate known single-gene disorders, and PGT-SR to evaluate structural chromosomal abnormalities.
The test may contribute to treatment planning particularly in cases involving a risk of hereditary disease, structural chromosomal carrier status, advanced maternal age, recurrent miscarriage, or selected cases of failed IVF treatment.
However, PGT:
- Does not create healthy embryos.
- Does not identify every disease.
- Does not guarantee pregnancy.
- Is not necessary for every IVF patient.
The most appropriate approach is to determine the need for PGT individually by evaluating the couple’s age, genetic history, ovarian reserve, number of embryos, and previous treatment results together.
Frequently Asked Questions
What is PGT?
PGT is the evaluation of embryos obtained through IVF treatment for certain genetic or chromosomal characteristics before transfer.
Is PGT a painful procedure?
No. Embryo biopsy is performed in the laboratory. The prospective mother does not feel any procedure during the biopsy.
Can PGT be performed on every embryo?
No. The embryo generally needs to reach the blastocyst stage. Not every embryo reaches this stage or is suitable for biopsy.
Does PGT guarantee pregnancy?
No. Transfer of a genetically suitable embryo does not always result in pregnancy.
Is the embryo frozen after PGT?
In most cases, yes. Biopsied embryos are frozen while the genetic results are awaited.
Can PGT assess the risk of Down syndrome?
PGT-A may evaluate chromosome number differences, including those involving chromosome 21. However, prenatal screening and diagnostic tests may still be considered during pregnancy.
Which diseases are investigated with PGT-M?
PGT-M is used for single-gene disorders in which the genetic alteration within the family has already been identified. Examples include thalassemia, SMA, and cystic fibrosis.
Who is PGT-SR performed for?
It may be considered for couples carrying a balanced translocation or another structural chromosomal change.
After what age is PGT-A performed?
There is no absolute age threshold that applies to everyone. The woman’s age, number of embryos, previous treatments, and the expected benefit of testing are evaluated together.
Does PGT prevent miscarriage?
PGT may reduce the risk of certain miscarriages caused by chromosomal abnormalities. However, it does not completely eliminate the risk of miscarriage.
What is a mosaic embryo?
It is an embryo in which both normal and chromosomally different cells are found in the biopsy sample. The decision to transfer requires detailed genetic counseling.
Can a PGT result be incorrect?
No test is 100% definitive. The biopsy represents only a small part of the embryo, and conditions such as mosaicism may affect the result.
Is amniocentesis necessary after PGT?
It is not mandatory for every patient. Prenatal diagnostic options are evaluated according to the type of PGT, the result, and the characteristics of the pregnancy.
Can sex be selected through PGT?
The sex chromosomes may technically be identified. However, sex selection cannot be performed in Türkiye without a medical indication.
Why does the price of PGT vary?
The type of PGT performed, the number of embryos tested, disease-specific genetic preparation, and laboratory methods may affect the cost.
Is PGT mandatory?
No. PGT is an option recommended only according to the couple’s clinical and genetic characteristics.
Does PGT improve egg quality?
No. PGT does not improve the egg or embryo; it evaluates the existing genetic structure.
What happens if no healthy embryo is found?
A new IVF cycle, embryo accumulation, or reassessment of the treatment plan may be considered.
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